Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc.

Pharmaceutical & medical device company payment data from CMS Open Payments.

Total Payments
$271.0M
Doctors Paid
9,266
Transactions
27,284
2024 Total
$12.3M

Payment Breakdown by Category

Research$247.2M (91.2%)
Consulting$20.0M (7.4%)
Food & Beverage$694,916 (0.3%)
Travel$485,993 (0.2%)
Royalty/License$198,678 (0.1%)

Payments by Nature

Nature of Payment Amount Transactions Share
Unspecified $247.2M 7,528 91.2%
Consulting Fee $20.0M 3,269 7.4%
Compensation for services other than consulting, including serving as faculty or as a speaker at a venue other than a continuing education program $1.6M 592 0.6%
Grant $705,020 22 0.3%
Food and Beverage $694,916 13,763 0.3%
Travel and Lodging $485,993 1,268 0.2%
Royalty or License $198,678 8 0.1%
Charitable Contribution $50,000 1 0.0%
Space rental or facility fees (teaching hospital only) $28,190 13 0.0%
Education $19,331 820 0.0%

Payments by Type

Research
$247.2M
7,528 transactions
General
$23.8M
19,756 transactions

Research Studies & Clinical Trials

Study Name Total Paid Doctors Records
A PHASE 3, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL TO EVALUATE THE EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND TOLERABILITY OF BREXPIPRAZOLE AS ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN THE MAINTENANCE TREATMENT OF ADULTS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. $22.7M 22 364
A TRIAL OF MULTIPLE-DOSES OF ARIPIPRAZOLE IN ADULTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA OR BIPOLAR 1 DISORDER $17.0M 0 19
A PHASE 3, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND TRIAL OF FIXED-DOSE BREXPIPRAZOLE AS COMBINATION THERAPY WITH SERTRALINE IN THE TREATMENT OF ADULTS WITH POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER $15.5M 6 400
PROTOCOL 331-201-00081 A MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND TRIAL OF BREXPIPRAZOLE VERSUS PLACEBO FOR THE ACUTE TREATMENT OF MANIC EPISODES, WITH OR WITHOUT MIXED FEATURES, ASSOCIATED WITH BIPOLAR I DISORDER $14.6M 1 55
PROTOCOL 331-201-00080 A MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND TRIAL OF BREXPIPRAZOLE VERSUS PLACEBO FOR THE ACUTE TREATMENT OF MANIC EPISODES, WITH OR WITHOUT MIXED FEATURES, ASSOCIATED WITH BIPOLAR I DISORDER $13.3M 1 55
A MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, FLEXIBLE-DOSE, DOUBLE BLIND TRIAL OF BREXPIPRAZOLE VERSUS PLACEBO FOR THE TREATMENT OF ADULTS WITH BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER $8.3M 24 310
PHASE 3B, RANDOMIZED, OPEN-LABEL, SPONSOR-BLIND, ACTIVE-CONTROLLED STUDY EVALUATING THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ORAL VADADUSTAT, ONCE DAILY (QD) AND THREE TIMES WEEKLY (TIW) FOR THE MAINTENANCE TREATMENT OF ANEMIA IN HEMODIALYSIS SUBJECTS CONVERTING FROM ERYTHROPOIESIS-STIMULATING AGENTS (ESAS) $7.4M 5 200
OPEN-LABEL TRIAL TO EVALUATE THE LONG TERM SAFETY OF TITRATED IMMEDIATE-RELEASE TOLVAPTAN IN SUBJECTS WITH AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE $7.0M 1 107
A MULTI-CENTER, RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED TRIAL TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A DIGITAL THERAPEUTIC (CT-152) AS ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN ADULT SUBJECTS DIAGNOSED WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER $6.9M 10 181
AN OPEN-LABEL, 52-WEEK, MULTICENTER TRIAL EVALUATING THE LONG-TERM SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF CENTANAFADINE SUSTAINED-RELEASE TABLETS IN ADULTS WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER $6.6M 5 103
A PHASE 3B, MULTI-CENTER, OPEN-LABEL TRIAL TO EVALUATE THE LONG TERM SAFETY OF TITRATED IMMEDIATE-RELEASE TOLVAPTAN OPC-41061, 30 MG TO 120 MGDAY, SPLIT DOSE IN SUBJECTS WITH AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE $6.4M 3 153
COMPARISON OF A LONG-ACTING INJECTABLE ANTIPSYCHOTIC VS CLINICIAN'S CHOICE EARLY IN TREATMENT TO BREAK THE CYCLE OF RELAPSE IN EARLY PHASE SCHIZOPHRENICS PRELAPSE $5.4M 0 3
A PHASE 3, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, MULTICENTER, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, PARALLEL-GROUP TRIAL EVALUATING THE EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND TOLERABILITY OF CENTANAFADINE SUSTAINED-RELEASE TABLETS IN ADULTS WITH ATTENTION-DEFICITHYPERACTIVITY DISORDER TRIAL 405-201-00013 $5.2M 23 229
A PHASE 3, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND TOLERABILITY OF AVP-786 (DEUTERATED [D6]-DEXTROMETHORPHAN HYDROBROMIDE [D6-DM]/QUINIDINE SULFATE [Q]) FOR THE TREATMENT OF AGITATION IN PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEIMERS TYPE $5.0M 17 293
A PHASE 3, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, MULTICENTER, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, PARALLEL-GROUP TRIAL EVALUATING THE EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND TOLERABILITY OF CENTANAFADINE SUSTAINED-RELEASE TABLETS IN ADULTS WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (TRIAL 405-201-00014) $4.9M 5 51
A PHASE 3, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, MULTICENTER, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, PARALLEL-GROUP TRIAL EVALUATING THE EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND TOLERABILITY OF CENTANAFADINE SUSTAINED-RELEASE TABLETS IN ADULTS WITH ATTENTION-DEFICITHYPERACTIVITY DISORDER TRIAL 405-201-00014 $4.8M 0 46
A PHASE 3, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, MULTICENTER, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, PARALLEL-GROUP TRIAL EVALUATING THE EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND TOLERABILITY OF CENTANAFADINE SUSTAINED-RELEASE TABLETS IN ADULTS WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (TRIAL 405-201-00013) $4.1M 4 49
A Trial of Multiple-doses of Aripiprazole in Adults With Schizophrenia or Bipolar 1 Disorder $4.1M 0 16
A PHASE 2, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, ACTIVE- AND PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL OF THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF OPC-64005 IN THE TREATMENT OF ADULT ATTENTION-DEFICITHYPERACTIVITY DISORDER $3.7M 4 61
AN OPEN-LABEL, 52-WEEK, MULTICENTER TRIAL EVALUATING THE LONG-TERM SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF CENTANAFADINE SUSTAINED-RELEASE TABLETS IN ADULTS WITH ATTENTION-DEFICITHYPERACTIVITY DISORDER $3.6M 2 99
PHASE 2, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO- AND ACTIVE-CONTROLLED TRIAL OF BREXPIPRAZOLE 1 - 3 MGDAY AS MONOTHERAPY OR AS COMBINATION THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF ADULTS WITH POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER $3.5M 2 119
AN OPEN-LABEL, SINGLE- AND MULTIPLE-DOSE, PHARMACOKINETIC, SAFETY, AND TOLERABILITY TRIAL OF ARIPIPRAZOLE LONG-ACTING INJECTABLE ADMINISTERED IN THE DELTOID OR GLUTEAL MUSCLE IN ADULT SUBJECTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA OR BIPOLAR I DISORDER $3.1M 0 6
A PHASE IIIB MULTI-CENTER, OPEN-LABEL, MIRROR-IMAGE, STUDY IN ADULT SUBJECTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA TREATED PROSPECTIVELY FOR 6-MONTHS WITH ABILIFY MYCITE $2.7M 58 566
A MULTICENTER, OPEN-LABEL TRIAL TO EVALUATE THE SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF BREXPIPRAZOLE IN THE TREATMENT OF SUBJECTS WITH BIPOLAR I DISORDER $2.6M 2 94
A PHASE 3, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND TOLERABILITY OF AVP-786 (DEUDEXTROMETHORPHAN HYDROBROMIDE [D6 DM]/QUINIDINE SULFATE [Q]) FOR THE TREATMENT OF AGITATION IN PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEIMERS TYPE $2.5M 0 118
BREXPIPRAZOLE AS COMBINATION THERAPY WITH SERTRALINE IN THE TREATMENT OF ADULTS WITH POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER $2.5M 4 83
BREXPIPRAZOLE AS COMBINATION THERAPY WITH SERTRALINE IN TREATMENT OF ADULTS WITH PTSD $2.5M 57 441
A PHASE 3, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND TOLERABILITY OF AVP-786 (DEUDEXTROMETHORPHAN HYDROBROMIDE [D6-DM]/QUINIDINE SULFATE [Q]) FOR THE TREATMENT OF AGITATION IN PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEIMERS TYPE $2.5M 0 126
A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo- and Active-controlled Trial $2.3M 32 245
A PHASE 3, 12-WEEK, MULTICENTER, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, 2-ARM, FIXED-DOSE TRIAL TO EVALUATE THE EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND TOLERABILITY OF BREXPIPRAZOLE (OPC34712) IN THE TREATMENT OF SUBJECTS WITH AGITATION ASSOCIATED WITH DEMENTIA OF THE ALZHEIMERS TYPE $2.2M 5 53

Payments by Medical Specialty

Specialty Total Paid Doctors Avg/Doctor
Psychiatry $8.7M 2,168 $4,034
Internal Medicine $6.3M 794 $7,892
Child & Adolescent Psychiatry $3.2M 185 $17,528
Dermatology $2.0M 13 $157,289
Nephrology $1.5M 1,073 $1,409
General Practice $1.4M 55 $26,255
Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training Program $846,194 185 $4,574
Gastroenterology $751,321 25 $30,053
Neurology $640,155 172 $3,722
Family Medicine $423,962 408 $1,039
Public Health & General Preventive Medicine $244,149 8 $30,519
Clinical Neurophysiology $220,928 10 $22,093
Rheumatology $204,366 18 $11,354
Pediatric Nephrology $197,080 16 $12,317
Physician Assistant $187,397 389 $481.74
Cardiovascular Disease $171,581 46 $3,730
Integrative Medicine $132,550 1 $132,550
Specialist $122,877 125 $983.01
Geriatric Psychiatry $118,985 40 $2,975
Hematology & Oncology $96,553 11 $8,778
Addiction Medicine $93,176 46 $2,026
Pediatrics $86,420 91 $949.67
Family $78,375 890 $88.06
Psychiatric/Mental Health $77,235 576 $134.09
Geriatric Medicine $61,779 77 $802.33
Diagnostic Radiology $60,464 22 $2,748
Registered Nurse $58,420 227 $257.36
Nurse Practitioner $56,802 382 $148.70
Addiction Psychiatry $53,382 33 $1,618
Research Study $43,172 1 $43,172
Ophthalmology $34,827 10 $3,483
Infectious Disease $32,313 11 $2,938
Professional $32,217 4 $8,054
Pediatric Dermatology $29,260 1 $29,260
Health Educator $25,865 1 $25,865
Anatomic Pathology & Clinical Pathology $25,479 4 $6,370
Pediatric Gastroenterology $24,157 3 $8,052
Psychosomatic Medicine $23,466 14 $1,676
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation $21,492 6 $3,582
Hematology $21,279 5 $4,256
General Acute Care Hospital $20,395 3 $6,798
Medical $19,317 104 $185.74
Medical Oncology $18,431 6 $3,072
Forensic Psychiatry $17,596 26 $676.78
Adult Health $12,343 143 $86.32
Pediatric Infectious Diseases $11,922 1 $11,922
Allergy & Immunology $11,664 9 $1,296
Neuro-ophthalmology $11,400 1 $11,400
Psychologist $11,061 3 $3,687
Gerontology $8,831 50 $176.62
Acute Care $8,434 64 $131.77
Pediatric Cardiology $7,627 1 $7,627
Emergency Medicine $7,139 33 $216.33
Sleep Medicine $6,429 10 $642.92
Anatomic Pathology $6,239 2 $3,120
Critical Care Medicine $6,157 21 $293.17
Transplant Surgery $5,676 5 $1,135
Case Management $5,635 1 $5,635
Maternal & Fetal Medicine $5,600 1 $5,600
Urology $5,445 7 $777.91
Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism $5,330 10 $532.97
Hospitalist $5,245 45 $116.56
Psychiatric/Mental Health, Adult $5,067 23 $220.32
Pulmonary Disease $4,392 10 $439.15
Neuromuscular Medicine $3,563 5 $712.67
Prescribing (Medical) $3,190 3 $1,063
Military Health Care Provider $3,076 6 $512.61
Neuropathology $3,055 2 $1,527
Primary Care $2,858 41 $69.70
Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine $2,700 1 $2,700
Surgical $2,424 28 $86.56
Pain Medicine $2,303 11 $209.37
Nuclear Medicine $2,262 2 $1,131
Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine $2,176 1 $2,176
Clinical Genetics (M.D.) $1,900 2 $950.00
Women's Health $1,823 15 $121.52
Emergency Medical Technician, Paramedic $1,806 1 $1,806
Advanced Practice Midwife $1,711 13 $131.58
Behavioral Neurology & Neuropsychiatry $1,623 9 $180.37
Developmental - Behavioral Pediatrics $1,450 2 $724.88
Emergency $1,410 5 $282.00
Dietitian, Registered $1,308 2 $653.75
Psychiatric Hospital $1,286 2 $643.01
Anesthesiology $1,080 12 $90.00
Clinical Pathology $1,058 1 $1,058
Plastic Surgery $1,042 1 $1,042
Mental Health $967.53 16 $60.47
Obstetrics & Gynecology $905.21 14 $64.66
Clinical Biochemical Genetics $800.00 1 $800.00
Adult Medicine $719.60 7 $102.80
Community Health $704.85 5 $140.97
Medical-Surgical $682.35 7 $97.48
Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology $654.89 3 $218.30
Clinical $630.81 5 $126.16
Psychiatric/Mental Health, Child & Adolescent $629.23 7 $89.89
Occupational Health $570.80 4 $142.70
Neurology with Special Qualifications in Child Neurology $560.41 6 $93.40
Adolescent Medicine $455.16 8 $56.90
Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine & OMM $454.31 5 $90.86
Orthopaedic Surgery $414.89 5 $82.98
Ambulatory Care $384.76 3 $128.25
Nurse Anesthetist, Certified Registered $350.71 8 $43.84
Clinical Nurse Specialist $343.93 6 $57.32
Rehabilitation, Substance Use Disorder $315.45 1 $315.45
Family Health $270.03 4 $67.51
School $259.23 3 $86.41
Neurological Surgery $237.74 6 $39.62
Counselor $208.88 2 $104.44
Registered Nurse First Assistant $199.96 2 $99.98
Epilepsy $199.54 3 $66.51
Health Maintenance Organization $187.00 2 $93.50
Cytopathology $185.36 2 $92.68
Vascular Neurology $182.54 3 $60.85
Surgical Oncology $178.00 2 $89.00
Military Hospital $175.00 1 $175.00
Psychiatric Unit $175.00 1 $175.00
Legal Medicine $170.95 3 $56.98
Interventional Cardiology $167.52 3 $55.84
Women's Health Care, Ambulatory $167.25 2 $83.63
Hospice and Palliative Medicine $160.81 5 $32.16
Preventive Medicine/Occupational Environmental Medicine $151.68 3 $50.56
Dentist $145.83 4 $36.46
Diabetes Educator $145.33 2 $72.67
Pediatrics, Critical Care $136.51 1 $136.51
Addiction (Substance Use Disorder) $128.17 4 $32.04
Procedural Dermatology $123.34 1 $123.34
Optometrist $120.36 2 $60.18
Community/Behavioral Health $120.00 1 $120.00
Rehabilitation $117.60 2 $58.80
Pharmacist $114.07 2 $57.04
Contractor $113.73 2 $56.87
Medical Laboratory $112.77 1 $112.77
Nuclear Radiology $111.60 1 $111.60
Interventional Pain Medicine $100.00 1 $100.00
Orthopaedic Surgery of the Spine $100.00 1 $100.00
Spinal Cord Injury Medicine $100.00 1 $100.00
Trauma Surgery $100.00 1 $100.00
Dental Hygienist $98.43 1 $98.43
Radiation Oncology $97.47 1 $97.47
Neurocritical Care $90.01 1 $90.01
Behavior Analyst $88.73 1 $88.73
Hospice $88.20 1 $88.20
Vascular & Interventional Radiology $87.89 2 $43.95
Sports Medicine $83.94 4 $20.99
Personal Emergency Response Attendant $82.95 1 $82.95
Athletic Trainer $78.47 1 $78.47
Gynecologic Oncology $75.23 1 $75.23
Diagnostic Neuroimaging $73.77 1 $73.77
Transplant Hepatology $71.63 1 $71.63
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery $66.50 1 $66.50
Surgery $49.13 3 $16.38
Foot & Ankle Surgery $45.43 2 $22.72
Acupuncturist $44.20 1 $44.20
Mental Health (Including Community Mental Health Center) $43.74 1 $43.74
Thoracic Surgery (Cardiothoracic Vascular Surgery) $39.35 2 $19.68
Case Manager/Care Coordinator $38.36 2 $19.18
Chiropractor $38.33 2 $19.17
Cognitive & Behavioral $33.90 2 $16.95
Occupational Medicine $28.31 1 $28.31
Licensed Practical Nurse $27.04 1 $27.04
Neurodevelopmental Disabilities $23.63 1 $23.63
Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine, Sports Medicine $23.20 1 $23.20
Phlebology $21.48 1 $21.48
Podiatrist $20.92 1 $20.92
Primary Podiatric Medicine $20.80 1 $20.80
Psychiatric/Mental Health, Geropsychiatric $20.23 1 $20.23
Body Imaging $19.66 1 $19.66
Colon & Rectal Surgery $17.96 1 $17.96
Home Health $17.83 1 $17.83
Hand Surgery $17.64 1 $17.64
Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology $17.35 1 $17.35

Top Paid Doctors

Doctor Specialty Location Total 2024
Bruce Berger, M.d, M.D Internal Medicine Brooklyn, NY $3.0M $0
Dr. Kevin Cox, Md, MD Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Ojai, CA $3.0M $0
Dr. Donald Garcia, Md, MD Psychiatry Austin, TX $2.1M $0
Dr. Linda Cappiello-Lindsley, M.d, M.D Dermatology Hoboken, NJ $1.9M $0
Hassan Malik, Md, MD Internal Medicine Akron, OH $1.6M $0
Richard Weisler, M.d, M.D Psychiatry Raleigh, NC $1.2M $0
Dr. Junaid Syed, M.d, M.D Psychiatry Saint Louis, MO $1.0M $0
Dr. Maryam Saba, D.d.s, D.D.S General Practice Springfield, VA $810,741 $0
Dr. Anil Sharma, Md, MD Psychiatry Inglewood, CA $626,365 $0
Sarah Atkinson, Md, MD General Practice Rochester, NY $508,427 $0
Dr. Ryan Lang, M.d, M.D Internal Medicine Princeton, NJ $443,150 $0
Dr. Roshni Daver, Mbbs, Md, MBBS, MD Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training Program Roxbury, MA $322,240 $0
Kenechukwu Enekebe, M.d, M.D Internal Medicine Corpus Christi, TX $311,302 $0
Dr. Adachukwu Ezenekwe, M.d, M.D Student in an Organized Health Care Education/Training Program Orange, CA $301,130 $0
Dr. David Alpers, Md, MD Gastroenterology Saint Louis, MO $278,568 $0
Dr. Mary Knesevich, M.d, M.D Psychiatry Dallas, TX $252,181 $0
Dr. Joel Young, Md, MD Psychiatry Rochester Hills, MI $224,058 $0
Bruce Leslie, M.d, M.D Nephrology Washington, DC $217,000 $0
Dr. Lawrence Ginsberg, M.d, M.D Psychiatry Houston, TX $203,789 $0
Thomas Shiovitz, Md, MD Psychiatry Sherman Oaks, CA $193,801 $0
Dr. Adly Thebaud, Md, MD Psychiatry Orange City, FL $177,789 $0
Dr. Robert Wechsler, Md, Phd, Faan, MD, PHD, FAAN Clinical Neurophysiology Boise, ID $173,774 $0
Haoling Weng, Md, MD Rheumatology Los Angeles, CA $155,309 $0
Nicole Schmid Davis, Pac, PAC Physician Assistant Hamilton, NJ $148,193 $0
George Mansoor, Md, MD Internal Medicine Farmington, CT $144,416 $0

Top Products

  • REXULTI $116.1M
  • TOLVAPTAN $16.5M

Associated Products (9)

Payment Categories

  • Food & Beverage $694,916
  • Consulting $20.0M
  • Travel & Lodging $485,993
  • Research $247.2M
  • Royalties $198,678

About Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc.

Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc. has made $271.0M in payments to 9,266 healthcare providers, recorded across 27,284 transactions in the CMS Open Payments database. In 2024, the company paid $12.3M. The top product by payment volume is REXULTI ($116.1M).

Payments were distributed across 171 medical specialties. The top specialty by payment amount is Psychiatry ($8.7M to 2,168 doctors).

Payment categories include: Food & Beverage ($694,916), Consulting ($20.0M), Research ($247.2M), Travel & Lodging ($485,993), Royalties ($198,678).

Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc. is associated with 9 products in the CMS Open Payments database, including REXULTI, TOLVAPTAN, and SAMSCA.